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They could authenticate by exploiting the CVE-2021-26855 SSRF vulnerability or by compromising a legitimate admin's credentials.ДЄfter comprising the affected Exchange servers, the attackers deployed web shells on them, allowing for potential data theft and further compromise. If Hafnium could authenticate with the Exchange server, then they could use this vulnerability to write a file to any path on the server. CVE-2021-27065 is a post-authentication arbitrary file write vulnerability in Exchange.

They could authenticate by exploiting the CVE-2021-26855 SSRF vulnerability or by compromising a legitimate admin's credentials.

CVE-2021-26858 is a post-authentication arbitrary file write vulnerability in Exchange.

This requires administrator permission or another vulnerability to exploit.

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Exploiting this vulnerability gave Hafnium the ability to run code as SYSTEM on the Exchange server. Insecure deserialization is where untrusted user-controllable data is deserialized by a program.

CVE-2021-26857 is an insecure deserialization vulnerability in the Unified Messaging service.

CVE-2021-26855 is a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Exchange that allowed the attacker to send arbitrary HTTP requests and authenticate as the Exchange server.

Microsoft provided the following summary of each vulnerability for customers to assess: The group also primarily operates from leased virtual private servers (VPS) in the United States, it added. Hafnium mainly target US entities in infectious disease research, law firms, higher education institutions, defense contractors, policy thinktanks, and NGOs, according to Microsoft. SEE: Cybercrime groups are selling their hacking skills. Promptly applying today's patches is the best protection against this attack,' said Tom Burt, Microsoft's corporate vice president of Customer Security & Trust.

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'Even though we've worked quickly to deploy an update for the Hafnium exploits, we know that many nation-state actors and criminal groups will move quickly to take advantage of any unpatched systems. Microsoft is concerned it could see the same scenario play out again with this set of Exchange server vulnerabilities.

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Yet months after Microsoft warned organizations to urgently patch this flaw, tens of thousands of Exchange servers remained unpatched. Last year, Microsoft warned Exchange server customers to patch a different critical flaw (CVE-2020-0688) that multiple advanced persistent threat actors were quick to exploit. Velocity said the attacks appear to have started as early as January 6, 2021.Д®xchange email servers are an attractive target due to the volume of email information they hold about an organization.

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